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白金译作 美国设计师:关于中国设计的10大荒诞说法和事实

5107个读者 翻译: kate_kaya  02/17/2008 原文 引用 双语对照及眉批

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The Top 10 Myths & Truths about Design in China
by Elaine Ann


Are you worried as a designer in the U.S. that design jobs will migrate to China?
Are you concerned about the increasingly competitive pricing on design jobs and its resultant outsourcing? Are you curious about the quality of design work over there?

You have never been to China but heard about China's staggering GDP growth rate of 9.1%* and its emerging 1.3 billion people market (almost 5 times the size of the U.S. population). You have read in Business Week or design magazines about all the hype in China, but what's the real truth?

What you should know about Design in China?
When you stand in the middle of two design worlds (U.S. and China), everyone is schizophrenic right now. Designers in the U.S. are afraid of losing their jobs to China with a 8:1 pricing difference; whereas China corporations are also worried that the competitive quality of foreign imported products into China are going to wipe out its internal brands.

Being concerned is one thing, but being fear struck and cynical without learning about the facts is far worse. A bi-polar mindset will always lead you to presume a win-lose situation, where the other side is always the wrongdoer, but the truth is when you can see both sides of the coin, things can become much clearer.

For one thing, "CHINA" is ONE BIG word and "DESIGN" is the OTHER BIG word.
Depending on how you slice those two words, we have different answers for you.
In the Top 10 Myths and Truths below, we will decipher the mystic topic about design in China and debunk what you think you already know:

* Source- IMF World Economic Outlook 2003 Report

Top 10 Myths and Truths about Design in China

Myths Truths
Myth 1:
All design jobs are going to China.
Truth:
Yes and no.
Depends on how you define "Design."
Myth 2:
China designers are giving away designs for nothing.
Truth:
Might you be aware of the vast differences in cost of living in China compared to the U.S.
Myth 3:
China is ONE homogenous market of 1.3 billion people.
Truth:
China can be viewed as 30 different markets, just as Europe can be viewed as several different markets.
Myth 4:
China's market is in Beijing & Shanghai.
Truth:
China has 9 economic zones designated by the government which determines the rise of economic development in cities of these regions.
Myth 5:
China's market can be tackled remotely.
Truth:
As a developing country, China's rate of growth is extremely rapid. 2 year's research and product development time for the market will become history in no time.
Myth 6:
Localization means Chinese translation.
Truth:
Products need to fit the needs of China users not only in terms of language but also their cultural thought model, usage behaviors and political context.
Myth 7:
China does not have its own brands.
Truth:
China has numerous successful internal brands that U.S. designers might have never even heard of. E.g. TCL, Midea, Haier, Lenovo.
Myth 8:
A great product will speak for itself in China.
Truth:
Famous people or celebrities work miracles for product sales in China.
Myth 9:
Time equals to money in China.
Truth:
Perception of time is different in a country with the history of a planned economy.
Myth 10:
Business success in China is done via optimizing operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness and gaining market share.
Truth:
Business success in China predominantly comes from building successful relationships and trust.


Myth 1: All design jobs are going to China

Truth:
Yes and no.

There are two parts to this answer; it very much depends on what type of "design" one is referring to. DESIGN is a very big word, from designing a corporate brand strategy, designing an innovative way of cleaning, or designing the styling of a toothbrush—we all call it "design."

1) The bad news is if you are in the last category of "design"—product form-making or styling business—it is very likely that such design services will truly move to China. Clients who are in the business of supplying distribution channels with loads of different styles of products—who are mainly looking for product "re-packaging" with quick turn around time—might find product sketching and rendering skills in China already very sophisticated and cost-effective [Figure 1, 2, 3]. China also has the location advantage of providing one-stop-shop service, from design rendering, engineering to manufacturing, so clients know that the designs on paper can be manufactured.


Figure 1. Car rendering by students at Jiang Nan University, Wuxi, China. Figure 2. Car design sketches by student in Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Figure 3. Product rendering by DBML, a design company in Shenzhen, China.


2) The other side of the story is that good design sketching and rendering skills do not necessarily equate to innovation and creativity. China's education system has traditionally placed much emphasis on examinations, and teaching methods tend to be one-way-street lectures (teacher teaches, students listen and follow directions). Students are also not encouraged to ask questions or challenge opinions which stifles creative thinking. In addition, China as a conformist society, and its cultural tradition of respecting hierarchy and seniority makes it difficult for design cultures to operate in a flat organizational structure emphasizing equal status and teamwork. China's design schools also have an inherent culture of in-breeding, hiring design graduates to become design professors. This phenomenon is very typical, as "trust" is very much placed on established relationships, hindering the diversity of culture and backgrounds.

However, it is worth noting that China's design industry is also in a rapid state of growth. China has more than 400 design schools to date, and in the past few years, there have been many international design conferences, lectures and workshops organized in China, attracting speakers from all over the world. Although it might take time for ideas to germinate and ways of working to change, in China, the state of the design industry will not remain the same. Designers in the U.S. need to quickly engage in more strategic levels of design, and to create innovations that revolutionize businesses. The bright side is you will no longer have to convince your clients of the importance of strategic design and innovation when China corporations can produce a mature product at one-fifth of the price. It is now a requirement for businesses to engage in innovation, rather than the "when we have the money to spare on design"-type of business environment they are used to. Innovate or die.

Myth 2: China designers are giving away designs for nothing

Truth: How much does a McDonald's burger cost in the U.S.? USD 99 cents. How many Chinese buns can one U.S. dollar buy in China? Probably eight or more, depending on which city you are in. The same amount of money in the U.S. might not exchange for the same amount of goods and services in China. What foreigners might not understand is that there is a vast difference in standards of living between U.S. and China. A USD$300 design job in the U.S. (a few hours worth of design consulting fees) might equal a month's salary for an entry level designer in Shanghai. So working for USD$300 in China does not constitute "underbidding" or "working for nothing." The truth is, if you live in China, your U.S. salary can last you a very long time—depending, of course, on your lifestyle.

Myth 3: China is ONE homogenous market of 1.3 billion people

Truth: Just as not all Europeans are the same, not all Chinese are the same either [Figure 4, 5, 6]. China is administratively divided into 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 centrally administrative municipalities and 2 special administrative regions (SAR) [Figure 7]. China also has 55 minority groups. Even amongst Mainland Chinese, there also exist cultural differences between different regions as well as value systems between different age groups influenced by the political changes in China's modern history**. It has been said that China can be viewed as having at least 30 different markets.
** 1966-1976 was the period of Cultural Revolution in China. After 1979, when Deng Xiao Ping became Premier, China opened its doors for the first time to the world after many years of isolationism, and economic reform began.


Figure 4: A minority group dressed in everyday clothing represented in China's National People of Congress. Figure 5: Chinese people originating from the western part of China, street hawking in Shenzhen. Figure 6: Displaying their studio portraits in a movie star style at home, young city couples show their interest and pursuit of a modern ideal.


Figure 7: China's 23 provinces, autonomous regions, administrative municipalities and Special Administrative Regions (SAR).


Myth 4: China's market is in Beijing & Shanghai

Truth: Major cities in China like Beijing and Shanghai might be the focal points, dominating foreigner's perception of the emerging markets in China. But as mentioned above, China is not one homogeneous market.

Unlike in the U.S., China's economic growth is largely determined by governmental policies. Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and Chongqing were designated to be administrative municipalities, and cities such as Hong Kong and Macau (recently returned to China) have also been designated as Special Administrative Regions (SAR), all enjoying policies of economic advantages梐 favoritism governmental policy might not necessarily be understood from the outside. China, still a planned-economy on the political front has recently designated 9 economic zones:

1. South China Region (HK, Macau, Guangdong?
2. Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Area (Shanghai, Jiangsu?
3. North China (Beijing, Tianjin?
4. North East China ( Jilin, Liaoning?)
5. Middle and Lower Reaches of Yellow River Area (Shanxi, Henan?
6. Middle South Area (Hubei, Hunan?)
7. South West Area (Yunnan, Sichuan?)
8. North West Area (Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia?)
9. Fujian and Taiwan Area

China's market should be tackled through understanding its governmental policies on economic development for different regions. Depending on what your business is, different policies in different regions in China might be more favorable to your business. China's governmental policies have profound effects on people's behavior, influencing product strategies and designs for the China market. For example, in the 1980s, as a result of China's Open Door Policy, Shenzhen was the first city to be "opened," which induced a massive migration of young talent to the south of China to pursue job opportunities.


Myth 5: China's market can be tackled remotely

Truth: China's market as a developing country is moving rapidly; the rate of growth is extremely fast. Its middle class, although comprising only 5% of China's entire population in 2003, is growing at a rate of 1% per year. That 1% represents 13 million people per year梩wice the population New York! A two-year R&D development time for the China market means that your market data and information could become obsolete before the product hits the China shore.

Moreover, if your client or business intends to sell products in China, or to design products for its consumers, it will be almost impossible to understand the intricacies of its social, cultural and political constructs without actually being there. The Chinese have a proverb: "Fishing across the mountains," meaning that it is hard to get anything done where distance is in the way. Just as it is impossible for Mainland designers to design products for American users without ever crossing the Pacific Ocean, it is also hard for U.S. designers to design for the China market without ever being in China to know what life is like there."


Myth 6: Localization means Chinese translation

Truth: Many imported products in China are merely duplications of its successful counterpart in its home country with product features directly translated into Chinese. Products directly implanted into the China market have 2 major risks:

1) Incomprehensible translation梐s certain concepts are not directly translatable in another language and need reconceptualizing e.g. Microsoft Windows translated into Chinese does not carry the same metaphoric meaning of "windows to the world." And its desktop icon "My Windows" sounds quite silly in Chinese. 2) Certain foreign products might not even be designed appropriately or suitably for the needs of China's market (e.g. dishwashers, which are not a common household appliance in China).

Instead, when understanding the local cultural and behavioral needs, many insights will surface, leading to new product innovations and opening up new markets in China. For example, it is very common to find upright air conditioners in China [Figure 8]. Prior to the privatization of housing by the China Housing Reform Act in 1998, many existing houses in China are not designed with built-in air-conditioners. Larger spaces also require larger air-conditioners to cool the rooms, hence an upright form factor emerged.
Figure 8: A common form factor for air conditioners in China.

Myth 7: China does not have its own brands

Truth: Perhaps the most well known China brand internationally is Tsing Dao Beer. There might be a common perception that China is a "World Factory," with a low-cost labor force and a focus on OEM business. There are, in fact, many major internal brands in China that people outside of the country might not be aware of [Figure 9]. These brands have mainly catered to China's internal market or products sold to the neighboring countries of India and Russia.

Major internal brands in China that earn over 1.25 billion U.S. dollars annually include: Haier, TCL, Lenovo, Midea, SVA etc.*** In certain categories of house hold appliances, Mainland users are starting to shift from purchasing foreign brands to buying internal Mainland brands, as product quality is similar but price is much lower than those of foreign imported goods. With China's recent accession into the WTO, Mainland brands are also starting to find channels into the international market and finding ways to improve their product designs or reinvent their product lines.

Figure 9: Major internal brands in China.

Source- The Ministry of Information Industry of PRC 2001 (TOP 100 Electronics Enterprises in China)


Myth 8: A great product will speak for itself in China

Truth: A common misperception is that selling a product in China is much the same as selling a product in the U.S. If you have been to China and seen billboards all over the place, you will notice that in almost all categories of products and services, from fast food, cosmetics and apparel, to home appliances, office products, apartments and hotels, will inevitably have famous celebrities or prominent public figures advertising for them [Figure 10, 11, 12]. What's more, the person can be entirely unrelated to the product. As China is a people-oriented society, a trusted spokesperson for a product will win miles over a great design without the word of mouth from trusted sources.

Figure 10: Arnold Schwarzenegger advertises for a Mainland electronics brand. Figure 11: Brazil's National football team advertises for a Mainland air conditioner brand. Figure 12: Zhang Zi Yi, a famous Chinese actress who starred for Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon advertises for a Mainland cell phone brand.


Myth 9: Time equals to money in China

Truth: It is common practice for design consultancies in the U.S. to charge on an hourly rate basis, like a taxi meter. Where time equates to money in the U.S., the same might not apply in China. First, there is the difference in value assigned to tangible goods versus intangible goods. If you had the experience working in China, you might find that intangible goods such as services, intellectual property, concepts and ideas might not be readily received as having more monetary value than tangible goods such as buildings and products. As China is still mainly an industrial-based economy, tangible goods are thought of as having greater value than intangible goods.

Also, with the history of a planned economy, everything in China was once assigned top-down by the government: from where people work and where they live to what people do. Certain concepts and expectations that are a norm in a capitalistic society, such as offering competitive rates and services, or having definite timeframes and deadlines to deliver goods, cannot be immediately assumed in a country where people lead a very different life. When you are used to a model of being taken care of by the government in all aspects of life梬here it is not necessary to compete to earn a living梩he concept of time and pace of life can be very different. Since China opened up in the 1980s, however, the country is changing fast. So depending on the age group, thought models can vary.


Myth 10: Business success in China is by done via optimizing operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness and gaining market share.

Truth: Business in China is not be perceived as solely a transaction of money and time. In the U.S., the concept of friendship and business is separate. However, in China, to do business, one has to first become a trusted friend. This perceptual difference can cause much frustration when doing business in China, as foreigners often want to get down to business right away on their first encounter梥igning the contract, setting the deadlines and deliverables梬hile the Chinese counterpart might get offended at the perceived overly-aggressive behavior, shutting all doors without explaining why. As mentioned earlier, culturally, under the Chinese education system, people are not trained to actively raise questions to clarify situations. Plus, there are a lot of established Chinese cultural and social protocols, where Chinese people have certain expectations of appropriate behaviors that might not be spoken out explicitly, but expect the other party to perform nonetheless.

The good news is that once a trusting relationship is established, it can be a long-term engagement where clients might not be tempted to switch to lower-priced competitors or hire different companies to try out fresh ideas. So the advice is: patience, patience and patience.


Designer's survival kit in China:

Elaine Ann is the founder of Kaizor Innovation, a strategic innovation company based in Hong Kong, offering innovation strategies and design/user research to companies targeting to the emerging China market. Bi-cultural and bilingual, she has lived and worked in the U.S. for 12 years (for companies such as Fitch Worldwide, Razorfish, Henry Dreyfuss, and Philips Design.) Her company provides unique insights that bridge behavioral, cultural, social and political differences between markets. Elaine brings to Asia processes of new product innovation and user-centered design methodologies. For more information about Kaizor Innovation, email info@kaizor.com or visit www.kaizor.com. A member of the Red Network at www.red-net.org.

 

美国设计师:关于中国设计的10大荒诞说法和事实

 by Elaine Ann

作为一个在美国的设计师,你是否担心过设计方面的工作将要移师中国?

你关心过在设计工作中日益形成的薪资竞争并且导致(人才)外购吗?你对中国那边的设计工作质量感到好奇吗?

 

你虽然从来没有去过中国,但是你却听到中国那另人惊讶的9.1%GDP增长率*和它显现出的13亿人口的市场。(相当于美国人口的5倍)。你一定读过商业周刊或设计杂志上所有关于中国的宣传,但是,什么才是正真的事实?

 

关于中国设计你应该知道些什么?

 

当你站在这两大设计世界中间(美国和中国),现在每个人都会变的精神分裂。美国的设计师担心的是由于和中国81的价格差异而丢了工作。然而,中国的企业也担心外国的进口商品在质量竞争上会将中国国内的品牌打垮。

 

关注是一件事,但是不从现实中学习,而只是畏惧和愤世嫉俗就错的离谱了。一种两极化的思维方式总是将你引向假定的那个只有输和赢的境界。这种境界中一共有两个方面,另一方总是糟糕透的,但是,事实是,当你可以同时看见这两个方面时,事情就显而易见了。

 

首先,“中国”是个“大名词”,“设计”是另一个“大名词”。我们将针对你对这两个名词的看法来回答你不同的答案。

 

以下是那10大荒诞说法和事实,我们将解密中国设计并且揭示给你那些你所想要知道的:

 

*资料来源:国际货币基金组织的2003年世界经济前景报告

.

荒诞说法                    

事实                         

1所有的设计方面的工作都将移师中国

对和错。取决于你是如何定义设计

2中国设计师干的是不收钱的活儿

可能你知道的是中国和美国相比生活开销上的巨大差异。

3中国是一个拥有13亿人口的单一的市场

就如同欧洲可以被看作几个不同的市场那样,中国也可以被看作30个不同的市场

4中国市场只在北京和上海   

中国9个经济区,是由政府根据这些区域在城市中的经济发展好坏来指定的。

5中国市场可以开拓到偏远地区

作为一个发展中国家,中国的经济发展飞速。对于市场而言,花2年时间的研究和开发产品将会马上变为历史。

6本土化意味着直接汉化

产品是应该迎合中国用户需求的,不仅要根据语言,也要根据他们的文化。考虑一下样式,使用方法和政策。

7中国没有自己的品牌

中国有众多成功的国内品牌,这些品牌可能是美国设计师们闻所未闻的,像TCL、美的、海尔、联想。

8中国一个好的产品会为自己说话

中国名人效应会为产品创造奇迹

9中国时间等于金钱

对于一个拥有过计划经济历史的国家,对时间的感悟也是不同的。

10中国商业的成功,是通过优化工作效率,成本效率和占据市场份额而取得的。

中国商业的成功主要原因是建立成功的商业关系和良好的信誉。

荒诞说法1:所有的设计方面的工作都将移师中国

事实:对和错

答案分成两部分;主要取决于所提到的它是什么样的“设计”。“设计”是个很大的词儿。从设计一个公司商标的策略到设计一种新式的清洁方法,或是设计一款款式新颖的牙刷—我们都称它为“设计”。

 

1)  坏消息是,如果你的工作是我所说的那最后一类的“设计”的话(产品的形态或款式设计),那么这种设计工作将真的转移到中国。那些能够提供装运不同种类商品分配渠道的客户,他们主要是在寻找快速的“产品再包装”。可能在中国,他们能很快找到会画产品草图和会用电脑画产品效果图,既有经验又很有效率的人才。(图123中国也拥有从设计表现,工程到制造业一站式服务的地理优势。所以客户明白纸上的设计是可以变为现实的。

  

2)  另一方面的事实是:好的设计草图和好的表现技法并不等同于改革和创新。中国的教育体系传统的强调考试,教育方式趋于单向化(教师教,学生只是听从指挥)。学生也不被鼓励去问一些问题或是挑战一些另人窒息的创意。此外,中国的社会强调遵奉,它的传统文化尊重等级,并且对于设计的文化而言,“阅历”使领导一个强调身份平等和团队工作的平等组织来说,就变的艰难。中国设计类院校也存在着固有的“自给自足”的现象,他们雇佣自己学校的毕业生来当学校的老师。这种现象十分典型,因为“信任”被建立在已有的人际关系上。这阻碍了文化和背景的多样性。

 

然而,这些都不能阻碍中国设计行业的飞速发展。目前数据显示,中国拥有超过400所的设计类院校。在过去的几年里,在中国组织了许许多多场国际设计会议、讲座,开设了许多工作室,吸引了世界各地的演讲者。在中国,设计行业的这种情况将不再会保持原样。尽管,理念的形成和工作方式的改变需要花些时间。美国的设计师就应该马上参与到更多的战略层面的设计中去,并在行业上革新。好的一面是,当中国的公司可以以1/5的价格生产出成熟的产品时,你将不用再使你的客户相信(他们)设计策略上的重要性和创新性。现在我们必须要求我们的商品更多的是创新的,而不是“我们的设计经费什么时候才到啊”(一种他们习惯的工作环境)。要么创新,要么毁灭吧。

 

荒诞说法2中国设计师干的是不收钱的活儿

 

事实:在美国现在一个麦当劳的汉堡要多少钱?99美分。那么在中国1美元可以买多少个馒头?大概8个或者更多,但这取决于你是在哪个城市。花同样的钱,在美国和在中国买到的东西的数量和享受到的服务质量是不同的。外国人可能不知道的是中美两国之间的生活水平也有着重大差异。在美国一项300美元的设计工作(几小时工作的协商价),可能等于在上海的一个初入行的设计师一个月的工资。所以,在中国300美元的工作并非属于“出价低”或是“干了等于白干”。事实是,如果你住在中国,你在美国的这些收入可以维持很长时间的生活开销,当然这也取决于你的生活方式。

 

荒诞说法3中国是一个拥有13亿人口的单一的市场

 

事实:就如同所有欧洲人不是相同的一样,中国人也不是都相同的。(图456中国行政上划分为23个省,5个自治区,4个直辖市,2个行政特区(图7)。中国还有55个少数民族。甚至在中国大陆人之间,不同地区也存在着文化的差异;不同年龄层的人由于受到中国近代政治上的变化**的影响,他们的价值观也是不同的。所以,我们把中国看成为至少30个不同的市场的国家。

**1966-1976年,中国经历了一段时间的文化大革命。1979年后,邓小平上台,经历许多年的封闭后,中国开始第一次实行改革开放。

   

荒诞说法4中国市场只在北京和上海 

事实:中国的主要城市像北京和上海可能已成为了焦点,它们支配着老外对表面上中国市场的理解。但是就如刚才所提及的,中国不是一个单一的市场。

 

和美国不同的是,中国经济的增长主要取决于政府的政策。直辖市有:上海、北京、天津、重庆,而像香港和澳门(最近回归中国)这样的城市被定为特别行政区,享受政府对经济政策上的优势和优先权。这些可能对外界而言很难理解。中国,现在仍有对9个经济区计划经济上的政策。

 

1华南(香港,澳门,广东)

2长江下游(上海,江苏)

3华北(北京,天津)

4黄河中下游(山西,河南)

5中南地区(湖北,湖南)

6西南地区(云南,四川)

7西南地区(甘肃,青海,宁夏)

9福建和台湾地区

 

中国市场应该通过关注对不同地区发展经济的政策来理解。根据你所从事的行业,不同的政策在中国的不同地区可能会给你的生意带来更多好处。中国的政策对人民的行为影响深远,影响着对中国市场的产品策略和设计。举个例子,80年代,深圳是改革开放政策下产生的第一个开放的城市,它吸引了许多青年人才去南方寻找工作机会。

 

荒诞说法5中国市场可以开拓到偏远地区

 

事实:中国作为一个发展中国家,确实迅猛发展,增长率也增长迅速。虽然,它的中产阶级在2003年只占了中国总人口的5%,但是却每年增长1%。那个象征13亿人口中的1%就是相当于纽约人口的2倍。对于中国市场而言,一个2年的研发项目意味着在你的产品在冲击中国市场之前,你所掌握的市场资料和信息可能已经变的陈腐了。

 

此外,如果你的客户或是你想要在中国销售产品,或是为消费者设计产品;除非你去过中国,否则你几乎不可能了解它复杂的社会,文化和政策。中国有句谚语叫做“不顶千里浪,哪来万斤鱼。”也就是说成功不是近在咫尺,触手可及的。就像是中国大陆的设计师要是不飞跃太平洋的话,就无法为美国的用户设计产品,同样美国的设计师想要为中国市场做设计,从未踏足中国去了解中国人的生活,那么做设计也是相当困难的。

 

荒诞说法6:本土化意味着直接汉化

事实:在中国的许多重要的产品仅仅只是它们原产国产品的一个成功拷贝。设计师们只是直接汉化了产品的特征而已。将产品直接投入中国市场有两大主要风险:

 

1)  不可理解的翻译就是某些概念并不能直接转译成另一种语言而需要意译。举个例子,微软的“视窗”系统翻译成中文时并没有翻出“给世界的一扇窗户”这样的隐喻。要是桌面上有“我的窗户”这样的图标,在中文中听起来也太傻了。

2)  某些外国的产品可能不适用于中国市场。(例如:洗碗机,在中国它不是一个普遍的家用电器)

相反,当我们了解了当地的文化和人们的需要,那么许多潜在的因素将会浮现,就将会带领许多新产品的创新并在中国开拓新的市场。举个例子,在中国立式空调十分普遍(图8)首先看一下根据1998中国房产法案,房产私有化。许多中国现有的住房没有内置的空调。大的空间也需要大匹数的空调去使房间的温度降下来。因此,一种立式空调出现了。

 

荒诞说法7中国没有自己的品牌

 

事实:可能中国最著名的品牌是“青岛啤酒”。可能普遍的理解是由于中国低廉的劳动力和他们关注OEM设计,所以中国是个“世界工厂”。事实是,在中国有许多主要的国内品牌,可能那是外国人所不知道的。(图9)。这些品牌主要迎合了中国国内的市场或是出口中国周边一些国家,像印度和俄罗斯。

 

中国的主要国内品牌(包括:海尔、TCL、联想、美的、上广电等等)每年的销售额超过12.5亿美元。***对于某些家电,由于国内商品的信价比高于国外商品,所以大陆的用户开始从购买国外品牌商品开始转向于购买国内品牌商品。随着中国最近加入了世贸组织,大陆的品牌也开始寻找他们进入国际市场的渠道和寻找改进产品设计或革新生产线的方法。

 

***资料来源:中华人民共和国信息产业部2001年(中国电子产业100强)

 

荒诞说法8:在中国一个好的产品会为自己说话

 

事实:普遍的错误理解是在于认为在中国销售产品就和在美国销售产品一样。如果你去过中国,看到满街的广告牌,你就会发现从快餐,化妆品和服饰到家电,办公用品,公寓和酒店几乎所有种类的产品或是服务,不可避免的邀请一些明星或是社会名流来为他们做广告。(图101112)补充说明的是,那个人可能和这些产品一点关联都没有。中国是一个人本社会,一位值得信任的产品代言人比起一个缺少信赖代言人广告的好产品而言将赢得的更多。

   

荒诞说法9:在中国时间等于金钱

事实:就像出租车计价器一样,在美国设计顾问按小时收费是个惯例。在美国时间就等于金钱,可在中国可能这种方式就不能被接受。首先,对于有形资产对无形资产的价值恒定是不同的。如果你曾在中国工作过,你可能发现无形资产,像服务业,知识产权,理念,概念可能并不如大楼或是产品那样,被看作拥有经济价值。

 

同时,由于计划经济的历史原因,从个人工作到单位到个人住房曾经在中国所有的东西都是由政府严密管理的。某些观念和期望在资本主义社会中是一种规范,如竞争的价格和服务或是送货有明确的时间表和最终期限。而这些都不能马上在一个完全不同的国家实施。当你习惯于被政府在生活各个方面照顾的话,那么在竞争中求生存,对于时间和生活节奏的概念也将大所不同。自从80年代中国对外开放起,这个国家就在飞速的变化着。这取决于不同年龄层的人对于政体的看法是多样的。

 

荒诞说法10中国商业的成功,是通过优化工作效率,成本效率和占据市场份额而取得的。

 

事实:中国的商业不被认为仅仅是金钱和时间的交易。在美国,友谊和生意是分开而论的。然而在中国,生意上的伙伴必须先是值得信赖的朋友。当你在中国经商时这种认识上的区别将会导致很多挫败感。作为外国人,经常在他们初次见面时开始考虑马上签合同的事,规定好最终期限和交付使用期限这些事项。当中国人不愉快的意识到你们带有的强烈侵略性行为时,就马上不带任何解释的切断所有的生意往来。就如前面所讲到的,文化上,在中国的教育体系下,人们不被教育成为那种善于积极提问来阐明情形的人。

 

好消息是,一旦互相信赖的关系被确立,那就可能得到一个长期的合同。你的客户可能不会对将目光转向低价竞争者或是雇佣不同的公司来尝试新的理念感兴趣。所以我的建议是是:耐心,耐心再耐心。

 

美国设计师在中国的求生包(略)

 

作者介绍

Elaine Ann 是“高介原创”的奠基人,“高介原创”是一家香港的提供创意产业策略的公司,他们针对中国市场,为公司提供创意产业策略和设计/用户研究报告。她了解中美两国文化,并会用英语和汉语。曾在美国工作12年(Fitch worldwhile, Razorfish, Henry Dreyfuss, and Philips Design.)


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